Benzoyl peroxide is a well-known organic compound widely used in skincare, particularly for the treatment of acne. It possesses strong antibacterial, keratolytic (exfoliating), and anti-inflammatory properties, making it one of the most effective over-the-counter and prescription ingredients for managing acne-prone skin. Chemically, it is composed of two benzoyl groups connected by a peroxide bond, which gives it oxidizing properties. The benzoyl peroxide is a powerful and trusted ingredient in acne management due to its ability to kill bacteria, reduce oil, and clear clogged pores.
In dermatology, benzoyl peroxide works by targeting <em data-start="561" data-end="582">Cutibacterium acnes (formerly <em data-start="593" data-end="618">Propionibacterium acnes), the bacteria responsible for acne inflammation. Upon application to the skin, it breaks down into benzoic acid and oxygen. The oxygen acts as a potent antibacterial agent that disrupts the environment in which acne-causing bacteria thrive. Additionally, it helps to shed dead skin cells and excess oil that can clog pores, thus reducing the formation of blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples.
Benzoyl peroxide is available in various concentrations—typically ranging from 2.5% to 10%—in formulations such as gels, creams, cleansers, and spot treatments. Lower concentrations are generally recommended for sensitive skin or mild acne, while higher concentrations may be used for more severe cases. Regular use, as directed by a healthcare provider, can lead to significant improvements in skin clarity and texture.
Apart from acne treatment, benzoyl peroxide is also used in the field of dentistry for its antibacterial properties, in bleaching agents, and as a polymerization initiator in the plastics and rubber industries. However, its most common and recognized application remains in skincare.
While effective, benzoyl peroxide can sometimes cause side effects such as dryness, redness, peeling, or irritation, especially when first introduced into a skincare routine. It can also bleach fabrics like towels and clothing, so caution is advised during use.